A celebrity like Apple CEO Steve Jobs scores a rare organ transplant and the world wonders: How? The rich have plenty of advantages that others don't. But winning the "transplant lottery" involves more than the size of your wallet — and true medical need.
A Tennessee hospital has confirmed that it performed a liver transplant for Jobs, putting him among the lucky 6,500 or so Americans each year who get these operations. Nearly 16,000 others are waiting now for such a chance.
No one can buy a transplant — that's against federal law. And no one is suggesting that Jobs or the Memphis doctors who treated him bent any rules to show him favor. The hospital said he was the sickest person waiting for a liver when one became available.
However, people who understand how the transplant system works, and who have the money to make the most of what they learn, have a leg up on getting the body part they need.
An Internet database — the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients — gives average wait times, success rates and other details on every transplant program in the nation.
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"Anyone can go to that website and see which transplant centers transplant quicker than others," said Dr. Anthony D'Alessandro, liver transplant chief at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Jobs, who lives in Palo Alto, Calif., was able to get on a shorter waiting list, in Tennessee.
Here's where money comes in.
To get on a transplant center's list, a prospective patient must go there, be evaluated by the staff and have tests to confirm medical need. If accepted, the patient must be able to get to that center within seven or eight hours if an organ becomes available. That means renting or buying a place nearby or being able to afford a private jet, or $3,000 to $5,000 for a chartered plane, to fly in on short notice.
People also can get on as many wait lists as they like as long as they can travel there and meet the terms.
"It is at the transplant program's discretion if they know it is a multiple listing" to accept someone already on another waiting list, said Joel Newman, a spokesman for UNOS, the United Network for Organ Sharing, which runs the nation's transplant system.
Three different times, UNOS has considered banning or limiting multiple listings, most recently in 2003. But patients protested, saying they needed to go wherever they could to improve their odds, said D'Alessandro, who has headed UNOS panels on organ allocation.
It's not known if Jobs was on more than one list.
He has an "excellent prognosis" after his transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, said transplant chief, Dr. James Eason.
"He received a liver transplant because he was ... the sickest patient on the waiting list at the time a donor organ became available," Eason said in a statement Tuesday night on the hospital's website.
Apple declined to comment further.
Jobs, 54, had surgery in 2004 for a rare form of pancreatic cancer, an islet cell neuroendocrine tumor. Jobs said afterward that he was cured. However, his health made headlines last summer, when reporters at a company conference saw he had lost a lot of weight.
In January, Jobs said he was suffering from an easily treatable hormone imbalance and would remain CEO. Less than two weeks later, he said his medical problems were more complex, and that he would take a medical leave of absence through June, leaving Apple's chief operating officer, Tim Cook, to run day-to-day operations of the Cupertino, California-based firm.
Several doctors without firsthand knowledge about Jobs' health said the type of pancreatic cancer he had tends to be slow-growing. When it spreads, it tends to land in the liver first.
The most likely scenario is that undetectable cancer cells traveled from the pancreas to the adjacent liver at the time of Jobs' 2004 surgery, these experts said. That type of cancer can often remain in the liver for years without causing symptoms, but can cause the kind of weight loss Jobs' recently experienced.
Jobs had end-stage liver disease, meaning extensive liver damage had occurred.
Patients in such bad shape would get priority on any organ transplant list, and if Jobs did have a recurrence of cancer, that would give him even higher preference, said Dr. Roderich Schwarz a pancreatic cancer specialist at the University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.
Liver transplants in such cases can cure the cancer, although patients remain at risk for another recurrence, Schwarz said. In addition, the powerful immune-suppressing medicine they must take to keep the body from rejecting the transplanted liver also can increase their risks for recurrence.
Dr. Michael Porayko, medical director for liver transplants at Vanderbilt University, said a less common scenario would be that Jobs' earlier surgery resulted in scarring or blockage of bile ducts, causing liver damage.
But he said Jobs' doctors would have known to watch for and treat that, and he agreed that it's much more likely Jobs' cancer had spread to the liver.
by the associated press
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